Monday, May 19, 2025

Pyramidal permeation permutations

Consider the following figure, which shows 16 points arranged in a rhombus shape and connected to their neighbors by edges. How many distinct paths are there from the top point to the bottom along the edges such that:

  • You never visit the same point twice.
  • You only move downward or sideways—never upward.

Let's number the nodes from top down and then from left to right, so that the top node is 1, the nodes from left to right on the second level are 2 and 3, and so on. Let N(k) be the number of paths from 1 ending at node k following the rules of never visiting the same point twice and only moving downward or sideways, never upward. For good measure, we can go ahead and assume that N(1)=1.

It is straightforward to see that N(2)=N(3)=2, since either the path goes directly from 1 to k{2,3} or the path first travels to the other node, 5k, and then sideways to k.

Now let's consider some k{4,5,6}. Clearly, for any such k, an acceptable path must last exist the row above at some {2,3}. If the path left the higher row at =2, then it either first goes from 2 to 4 and then (if necessary) sideways from 4 to k, or it goes from 2 to 5 and then (if necessary) sideways from 5 to k. So there must be 2N(2) paths from 1 to k{4,5,6} that leave the first row at =2. A similar argument can be made that there also must be 2N(3) paths from 1 to k{4,5,6} that leave the first row at =3. Therefore, for each k{4,5,6} we must have N(k)=2N(2)+2N(3)=8.

Carrying this argument further, let Li represent the ith row of the diagram. So for instance L0={1}, L1={2,3}, etc. Additionally, let I(k) be the downward index of node k, that is how many acceptable paths downward are available from node k. Then extending the argument from the previous paragraph, we see that N(k)=jLi1I(j)N(j),kLi.

So, as previously seen, N(2)=N(3)=2 and N(4)=N(5)=N(6)=8. Furthermore, N(7)=N(8)=N(9)=N(10)=6j=4I(j)N(j)=2N(4)+2N(5)+2N(6)=68=48N(11)=N(12)=N(13)=10j=7I(j)N(j)=N(7)+2N(8)+2N(9)+N(10)=624=288N(14)=N(15)=13j=11I(j)N(j)=N(11)+2N(12)+N(13)=4288=1152N(16)=15j=14I(j)N(j)=21152=2234,
so the total number of acceptable paths from the top vertex of the rhombus to the bottom vertex is 2,234.

1 comment:

  1. Embarrassing that I can't multiply 1152 x 2 correctly ... the answer is 2304.

    ReplyDelete