Monday, August 3, 2026

Ring around the cylinder

A long vertical cylinder has three narrow open rings, each of which wraps around seven-eighths of the cylinder (leaving a one-eighth “gap”). The rings are evenly spaced vertically, but are otherwise randomly rotated about the cylinder’s central axis. For some orientations of the rings, there exists at least one vertical line down the cylinder’s surface that passes through each ring’s gap, as illustrated below.

What is the probability that at least one such vertical line exists?

Let's define some terms. Let's assume we have a unit cylinder and that the broken rings are embedded within the planes $z=2,$ $z=1$ and $z=0.$ Let's, without loss of generality, assume that the opening at the topmost ring is one-eighth of the way around and oriented such that it is from $\theta \in [0, \pi/4].$ Let's further assume that for $\alpha, \beta \sim U(0,2\pi)$ that the middle and bottom rings at z=1 and z=0 are given by $\theta \in [\alpha, \alpha+\pi/4]$ and $\theta \in [\beta, \beta+\pi/4],$ respectively. Here we shall abuse notation slightly and assume that if $\psi_1 \lt 2\pi \lt \psi_2$ then by $[\psi_1, \psi_2] \subseteq [0,2\pi]$ we mean $[0, \psi_2 - 2\pi] \cup [ \psi_2, 2\pi].$

Any vertical line on this cylinder can be written in cylindrical coordinates as $\theta = \theta_0$ for some $\theta_0 \in [0,2\pi).$ If a vertical line can pass through the top and middle gaps, then we must have $[0, \pi/4] \cap [\alpha, \alpha+\pi/4] \ne \emptyset,$ or equivalently, $\alpha \leq \pi/4$ and $\alpha + \pi/4 \geq 0,$ that is $\alpha \in [-\pi/4, \pi/4].$ In order for this line to pass through all three gaps, we must have $$[ \beta, \beta + \pi/4 ] \cap [ \alpha, \alpha + \pi/4 ] \cap [0, \pi/4] \ne \emptyset,$$ or equivalently $\beta \in [ \max \{ 0, \alpha \} - \pi/4, \min \{0, \alpha\} + \pi/4 ].$

Therefore, the probability that a vertical line can pass through all gaps is \begin{align*}p &= \int_{-\pi/4}^{\pi/4} \int_{\max \{0, \alpha\} - \pi/4}^{\min \{0, \alpha\} + \pi/4} \frac{d\beta}{2\pi} \, \frac{d\alpha}{2\pi} \\ &= \int_{-\pi/4}^{\pi/4} \left( \frac{\pi}{2} - |\alpha| \right) \,\frac{d\alpha}{4\pi^2}\\ &= \frac{1}{2\pi^2} \int_0^{\pi/4} \left( \frac{\pi}{2} - \alpha \right), d\alpha\\ &= \frac{1}{2\pi^2} \int_{\pi/4}^{\pi/2} u \,du = \frac{1}{4\pi^2} \left[ \left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^2 \right] \\ &= \frac{1}{4\pi^2} \frac{3\pi^2}{16} = \frac{3}{64} = 4.6875\%\end{align*}

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