Given the division of Riddler Township into 10 unevenly populated shire, what is the lowest popular vote total that a winning candidate can achieve?
First, let's note that there are a total of (3+4+⋯+12)=75 electors, so the winning candidate must amass at least 38 electors.
If shire k has population Pk, the lowest popular vote within shire k for a winning candidate is achieved by receiving Pk+12 votes if shire k is won and 0 if shire k is lost by that candidate.
Let xk∈{0,1} with xk=1 denoting ``candidate wins shire k''. Then the minimal number of votes to achieve the outcome x=(x1,…,x10)∈{0,1}10 is c(x)=10∑k=1Pk+12xk=10∑k=1(5k+1)xk. Additionally, the formula for the number of electors achieved by the outcome x is E(x)=∑10k=1(2+k)xk.
This electoral problem can be recast as the following knapsack problem:
min{c(x)=10∑k=1(5k+1)xk:E(x)=10∑k=1(2+k)xk≥38,x∈{0,1}10}.
Solving this knapsack problem, we see that if a candidate wins 1−, 2−, 3−, 4−, 7−, and 9−shires with the minimal number of votes, then they would receive 38 electors based on 136 votes, or just 24.3% of the popular vote.
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