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Sunday, July 26, 2020

Electoral College Shenanigans

Given the division of Riddler Township into 10 unevenly populated shire, what is the lowest popular vote total that a winning candidate can achieve?
First, let's note that there are a total of (3+4++12)=75 electors, so the winning candidate must amass at least 38 electors.
If shire k has population Pk, the lowest popular vote within shire k for a winning candidate is achieved by receiving Pk+12 votes if shire k is won and 0 if shire k is lost by that candidate.
Let xk{0,1} with xk=1 denoting ``candidate wins shire k''. Then the minimal number of votes to achieve the outcome x=(x1,,x10){0,1}10 is c(x)=10k=1Pk+12xk=10k=1(5k+1)xk. Additionally, the formula for the number of electors achieved by the outcome x is E(x)=10k=1(2+k)xk.
This electoral problem can be recast as the following knapsack problem:
min{c(x)=10k=1(5k+1)xk:E(x)=10k=1(2+k)xk38,x{0,1}10}. Solving this knapsack problem, we see that if a candidate wins 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9shires with the minimal number of votes, then they would receive 38 electors based on 136 votes, or just 24.3% of the popular vote.

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